Lesões orais e correlação com aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e laboratoriais da paracoccidioidomicose / Oral lesions and correlation with clinical, epidemiological and laboratory aspects of paracoccidioidomycosis

Introdução: a paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é uma micose sistêmica endêmica cuja incidência vem aumentando de forma significativa na região norte do Brasil. Duas espécies, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis e Paracoccidioides lutzii podem causar a doença. A última aparenta ter maior importância em Rondônia, estado com as maiores taxas de incidência e mortalidade por PCM do Brasil. Objetivo: descrever as características clínicas, epidemiológicas e laboratoriais de pacientes portadores de PCM e estabelecer correlação com lesões orais. Material e Métodos: estudo retrospectivo de pacientes atendidos no Centro de Referência em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia durante o período de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2016. Resultados: foram diagnosticados 107 pacientes com média de idade de 53,8 anos, sendo 100 homens e 07 mulheres. Observou-se que 77% mantinham contato ou relataram experiência anterior com lavoura. A maioria (98,1%) apresentou a forma crônica da doença. O diagnóstico foi confirmado em 74,7%, e baseado em achados clínicos e/ou epidemiológicos no restante. O diagnóstico sorológico não esteve disponível no período. O tempo médio entre o início dos sintomas e a realização do diagnóstico foi de 7,3 meses. Os principais locais acometidos foram os pulmões (95,3%), seguidos da cavidade oral (55,1%) e dos gânglios (28%). Na cavidade oral, a faringe/laringe predominou (33%), seguida da mucosa jugal (17,8%) e palato mole (13,1%). Houve 58,3% de associação com tabagismo. O medicamento mais utilizado para o tratamento foi o Itraconazol, fornecido pelo governo. Conclusão: não houve diferença entre os grupos com ou sem comprometimento da cavidade oral. A presença de lesões orais em mais da metade dos casos, com diagnóstico mais acessível, sugere que se pode diminuir o tempo entre o início dos sintomas e o início do tratamento, e contribuir para uma menor proporção de sequelas. Sugere-se ainda que o P. lutzii pode manifestar doença com características clínicas, epidemiológicas e laboratoriais semelhantes ao P. brasiliensis, exceto pela menor proporção de formas agudas de PCM. Mas novos estudos são necessários(AU)

Background: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an endemic systemic mycosis whose incidence has been increasing significantly in the northern region of Brazil. Two species, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii can cause the disease. The latter appears to be more important in Rondônia, the state with the highest incidence and mortality rates by PCM in Brazil. Objective: To describe the clinical, epidemiological and laboratory characteristics of PCM patients and to establish correlation with oral lesions. Material and Methods: a retrospective study of patients attended at the Reference Center in Tropical Medicine of Rondônia during the period from January 2013 to December 2016. Results: A total of 107 patients were diagnosed, with mean age of 53.8 years, 100 men and 7 women. It was observed that 77% maintained contact or reported previous experience with rural areas. The majority (98.1%) presented the chronic form of the disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by the finding of the fungus in clinical specimens in 74.7%, and based on clinical and/or epidemiological findings in the rest. The serological diagnosis was not available in the period. The mean time between onset of symptoms and the diagnosis was 7.3 months. The main sites were the lungs (95.3%), followed by the oral cavity (55.1%) and the ganglia (28%). In the oral cavity, the pharynx/larynx predominated (33%), followed by jugal mucosa (17.8%) and soft palate (13.1%). There was an 58,3% association with smoking. The most commonly used drug was Itraconazole in 93.5% of patients. Conclusion: There was no difference between groups with or without oral cavity involvement. The presence of oral lesions in more than half of the cases, with a more accessible diagnosis, suggests that the time between onset of symptoms and the beginning of treatment can be shortened and contribute to a lower proportion of sequelae. It is also suggested that P. lutzii can manifest disease with clinical, epidemiological and laboratory characteristics similar to P. brasiliensis, except for the smaller proportion of acute forms of PCM. But new studies are needed(AU)

Anesthetic management of a case of suicidal cut throat injury

Traumatic airway injuries may be rare, but these can be difficult to manage as there is a chance of aspiration of blood and risk of hypoxia as happened in our case. We present a case of suicidal cut throat injury in a 16 year old male. Tracheal intubation was initially done directly through the tracheal cut; and tracheostomy with repair of wound followed later on. The patient was electively ventilated for 12 hours post operatively and recovered completely. Mortality and late complications in these patients are high and may be related to delay in definitive treatment

A Case of Pneumomediastinum and Parapneumonic Effusions Following Pharyngeal Perforation Caused by Shouting

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is an uncommon disorder, and usually affects young men and has a benign course. Common triggers are asthma, the smoking of illicit drugs, the Valsalva maneuver, and respiratory infections. Most cases are usually due to alveolar rupture into the pulmonary interstitium caused by excess pressure. The air dissects to the hilum along the peribronchovascular sheaths and spreads into the mediastinum. However, pneumomediastinum following pharyngeal perforation is very rare, and has only been reported in relation to dental procedures, head and neck surgery, or trauma. We report a case of pneumomediastinum that developed in a 43-year-old patient with pharyngeal perforation after shouting. His course was complicated by mediastinitis and parapneumonic effusions.

Newer trends in hanging death.

A total of 105 cases of deaths due to hanging were studied in a span of 5 years time. This present study throws some light on the emerging trends that Hanging is increasingly being adopted by a relatively younger age group who are mostly illiterate and of poor socio-economic status. Hanging being viewed as giving swift painless death and without much expenses and without arousing much suspicion, this mode is increasingly adopted to commit suicide. Dribbling saliva mark, which was a hallmark of Ante-mortem hanging, is increasingly seen in less number of cases. No incidence of fracture of Hyoid bone being seen in this study, due to the fact that most cases were of lower age group and also may be due to most of the victims adopting soft ligatures and low suspension points. Transverse tears in the Carotid arteries were not seen here and on subjecting to Histo-pathological study, we could detect disruption of intimal layer of Carotid artery. Effect of pressure on layers of skin were seen on Histo-pathological study showing vital reaction changes useful for labelling Ante-mortem hanging.

Comportamiento de las fístulas faringocutáneas / Behavior of pharyngocutaneous fistula

La fístula faringocutánea se detecta clínicamente por la aparición de saliva simultáneamente con la deglución. Es muy frecuente en el posoperatorio de las laringectomías totales, y puede aparecer espontáneamente por dehiscencia de la sutura faríngea a causa de los movimientos deglutorios del paciente, o bien puede acompañar a una infección o necrosis. Se realizó un estudio ambispectivo, descriptivo, sobre el comportamiento de las fístulas faringocutáneas en el Servicio de Cirugía Oncológica Cervicofacial de Hospital Universitario Vladimir Ilich Lenin, en Holguín. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por todos los pacientes operados con laringectomía total en el período del 2003 al 2008. Fueron 158 pacientes en total y a todos se les realizó el cierre manual de la hipofaringe. Las fístulas estuvieron presentes en el 5,6 por ciento de los casos. El 77,7 por ciento de los pacientes habían recibido radioterapia antes de la operación y el 66,4 por ciento de éstos tenían traqueostomías en el momento de la intervención quirúrgica. En todos los pacientes con faringostoma se encontró sepsis posquirúrgica y la alimentación oral se comenzó entre los días 10 y 12 en el 88,4 por ciento de los casos. El amplio predominio de pacientes del sexo masculino está en relación directa con los hábitos tóxicos predominantes en este sexo. La traqueostomía prequirúrgica es aceptada por los cirujanos como factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de la fístula, pero en este estudio no fue significativo. El tiempo de comienzo de la alimentación oral en los pacientes con larigectomías debe oscilar entre los días 10 y 14, nunca antes, pues no existe una cicatrización de la hipofaringe que garantice el paso de los alimentos. Además, de esta forma se evita que aparezcan complicaciones como las fístulas faringocutáneas(AU)

The pharyngocutaneous fistula is clinically detected by appearance of saliva together with deglutition. It is more frequent in postoperative period of total laryngectomies and may to appear in a spontaneous way by dehiscence of pharyngeal suture provoked by deglutition movements of patient or to go with a infection or necrosis. A descriptive and bilateral study was conducted on the behavior of pharyngocutaneous fistulas in Cervicofacial Oncology Surgery Service of Vladimir Ilich Lenin University Hospital in Holguín province. Study sample included all patients operated on by total laryngectomy from 2003 to 2008. There was a total 158 patients and all underwent a manual closure of hypofarynx. Fistulas were present in the 5,6 percent of cases. The 77,7 percent of patients had underwent radiotherapy before surgery and the 66,4 percent of them underwent tracheostomies at surgical operation. In all patients operated on by pharyngotome there was postsurgical sepsis and feeding was started at 10 and 12 days in the 88,4 percent of cases. The wide predominance of male patients is directly related to usual toxic habits in this sex. Presurgical tracheostomy is accepted by surgeons as a risk factor for development of fistula, but in present paper wasn't significant. Onset of oral feeding in patients presenting with layngectomies must to fluctuate between 10 and 14 days, never before, but there isn't a hypopharynx healing allowing the foods passage. Also, so it is possible to avoid the appearance of complications like the pharyngocutaneous fistulas(AU)

Foreign body in ENT--general practitioner's duty.

Foreign body in ENT region is an age-old problem. Introduction of foreign body in ear, nose and throat is specially seen in children. There are many types of foreign body seen in the ear, nose and throat. They can aspirate into larynx, trachea and bronchus. How to manage the removal of foreign body in ear, nose and throat had been discussed in a nutshell. General practitioners should be skilled enough to remove foreign body with their limited resources and they should know when to send the cases to an ENT specialist or to a hospital.

Foreign body pyriform sinus: an unusual presentation.

This is a case report of a foreign body (chicken bone) on the left pyriform sinus impacted in its lateral wall. Although it could be seen on x-ray soft tissue neck lateral view and on CT scan of the neck, the foreign body could not be found by rigid oesophagoscopy which was done twice. It was detected and removed by lateral pharyngotomy under GA. A brief review of literature is also included.

Traumatic pharyngeal pseudodiverticulum mimicking esophageal atresia.

Obstruction of passage of a catheter through esophagus in a newborn is mostly diagnosed as esophageal atresia (EA) with or without tracheo esophageal fistula (TEF). Rarely a traumatic instrumentation may produce pharyngeal or upper esophageal perforation and attempt at passage of a catheter may produce a false passage submucosally called pseudodiverticulum. Here it is present the case of a extremely premature (28 wk) and low birth weight (950 gms) newborn with traumatic laceration and pharyngeal pseudodiverticulum mimicking EA. The authors discuss the diagnostic characteristics and management of such a situation.

Suicidal cut throat - A case report.

Cut throat is not a very common method preferred for committing suicide. Homicidal cut throat is more commonly seen in our country. The common methods used for committing suicide in our country are hanging, consumption of poison, burns, jumping from height, drowning, firearms, stabbing etc. Suicidal incised wounds are found most commonly in the neck and is usually associated with hesitational cut wounds. This paper is presented due to its rarity.

Barotraumatic Perforation of Pharyngoesophagus by Explosion of a Bottle into the Mouth

Pharyngoesophageal perforation from an exploding bottle is an extremely rare injury. To date, twenty-four cases have been documented in English literature. In this study, we reported two additional cases of pharyngoesophageal perforation by a bottle exploding in the mouth. Explosion of the bottle occurred when the patients removed the cap of a home-made wine bottle with their teeth, which resulted in pharyngoesophageal perforation. The patients were managed by conservative treatment and operative repair, respectively. Both patients had an uneventful recovery. Possible mechanisms and preventive measures are discussed in this study, along with a review of the literature.

Ear nose and throat injuries in children

This study was carried out to determine types and mechanisms of injuries encountered in Ear, Nose and Throat [ENT] regions of children at two localities of NWFP province of Pakistan. This study was carried out at ENT departments of DHQ Hospital, Swab] and Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from June 2001 to June 2003. Children up to age 15 years presenting in emergency with ENT injuries or reporting at OPDs were included in the study. 160 children reported with injuries to ENT in this 2 years period. Most of the injuries were in the nasal region [50%] and nasal bone fracture was the commonest [26%]. Fall and trauma during playing were the mode of injuries. In children of less than 5 years, the commonest cause of injury was pointed objects in the mouth while in children between 5-10 years the cause was fall. In children of 10-15 years of age the common causes of injury were road traffic accidents [27%] and fall [23%]. It is concluded that injuries of ENT in children are different than in adults. The mechanism of these injuries is also different

Upper aerodigestive tract burn: a case report of firework injury.

The case of a 46 year-old German man with upper aerodigestive burn by firework was reported. He presented with the symptoms and signs of upper airway obstruction. Tracheostomy was done and direct laryngoscopy with microscopic examination revealed swelling and denudation of the mucosa of the oral cavity and supraglottic area. Intravenous steroids and antibiotics were administrated for treatment. It is suggested that proper management needs an understanding of the mechanism and effect of the corrosive agent. Careful airway management resulted in a good outcome in this patient.

Acomparison of the cuffed oropharyngeal airway [COPA] with the laryngeal mask airway [LMA] during manually controlled positive pressure ventilation for short surgical procedures

To examine cuffed oropharyngeal airway [COPA] during manually positive ventilation and to compare its reliability and efficacy with laryngeal mask airway [LMA] as regard to placement success rate, airway interventional requirements, airway stability in different head/neck positions, haemodynamic response and intra- and post-operative adverse events/symptoms. Sixty Patients were randomly assigned to be manually ventilated with COPA [n=30] or a LMA [n=30]. Our results showed that LMA group had more frequent success rate than COPA and shorter time to achieve an effective airway. As regard frequency and type of airway interventions it was significantly higher in COPA group. For haemodynamic changes after insertion of the device there was no significant difference between the two groups. The incidence of intraoperative adverse events was similar. As regard to post-operative adverse events incidence of sore throat was higher in LMA group while incidence of jaw and neck pain was greater in COPA group and blood was detected more often on the LMA group on removal. Conclusions: Although the COPA and LMA are equivalent devices in terms of physiologic alterations and overall clinical problems associated with their use. The use of LMA is associated with higher first time insertions rate and fewer manipulations suggesting that it is easier to use. The COPA is associated with less blood on the device and fewer sore throat, suggesting it may cause less pharyngeal trauma. Ultimately, both devices are similar in establishing a safe and effective airway for manually ventilated patients for short surgical procedures, but the COPA is more cheaper than LMA

Criterios diagnósticos de fiebre reumática: evolución y estado actual / Diagnostic criteria of rheumatic fever: evolution and state present

La fiebre reumática (FR) es una complicación tardía, no superativa, de infecciones de la garganta producidas por el estreptococo betahemolítico del grupo A de Lancefield (EBHA), que ocasiona un proceso inflamatorio difuso del tejido conectivo, con predilección por las grandes articulaciones, el corazón, los vasos sanguíneos, el tejido celular subcutáneo y el tejido conectivo del cuerpo estriado y otros núcleos centrocerebrales que intervienen en el control de los movimientos involuntarios. Las lesiones cardíacas, valvulares y miocárdicas, suelen evolucionar hacia lesiones crónicas, que constituyen la cardiopatía reumática crónica. No existe ninguna prueba que establezca el diagnóstico de FR en forma categórica. Por lo cual se han establecidos criterios que permitan un diagnóstico de alta probabilidad. Los criterios iniciales fueron introducidos por Ducket Jones en 1994. Los mismos fueron modificados en 1956, por un Comité de expertos de la American Heart Association (AHA) para incrementar la especialidad y evitar el sobre-diagnóstico. Luego fueron revisados por la AHA en 1965, estableciendo la demostración de una infección previa por el EBHA como requisito obligatorio. Esta última modificación no fue aceptada por la OMS, hasta 1987, cuando un Comité de Expertos de la OMS reuniendo en Ginebra y del cual formamos parte, concilió las posiciones de la AHA y de la OMS y recomendó aceptar los Criterios Revisados por la AHA, destacando 3 condiciones en las cuales, por su características particulares, el diagnóstico de FR puede hacerse sin que se cumplan en forma completa los criterios de Jones revisados en 1965. Esas 3 situaciones especiales son: 1) La Corea Syndenham 2) La carditis reumática aislada y prolongada de comienzo insidioso 3) Recurrencia reumática aguda en pacientes con cardiopatía reumática crónica. En la presente revisión se analiza el proceso que condujo a estas conclusiones. En la presente revisión se analiza el proceso que condujo a estas conclusiones, que unifican las recomendaciones de la AHA con las de la OMS

Cut throat injury: a retrospective study of 26 cases.

Cut throat injuries and associated deaths are common in our society. Majority succumb to their injuries. In this study, the hospital records of twenty six such cases (13 M & 13 F) were reviewed. Eleven victims were in their third decade. Eighteen cases came from poor socio-economic class. Eleven had suicidal, eleven homicidal and four accidental injuries. Familial troubles, psychiatric illness and poverty were the triggering factors in suicidal attempts. The motives of homicide included political conflict, sex related crimes, dacoity, familial, land related disputes, etc. All had their hypopharynx and/or larynx exposed. Tracheostomy was done in fifteen cases. All but two had uneventful recovery. One died in the hospital due to hemorrhage, shock and asphyxia from aspirated blood. It was observed that appropriate measures could save lives in vast majority.

Lubrificaçäo do tubo traqueal para prevenir comprometimento da garganta após intubaçäo orotraqueal / Lubrification of the tracheal tube to prevent throat complaints after orotracheal intubation

Justificativa e objetivos - O comprometimento da garganta após a intubaçäo traqueal tem sido diferentemente referido, sendo relacionados ao sexo, idade, tipo de tubo e balonete traqueal, e uso de lubrificantes. O uso de lubrificantes é controverso. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incidência e o comprometimento da garganta com dois tipos de lubrificantes aplicados no tubo traqueal e que säo muito utilizados quando na intubaçäo orotraqueal. Métodos - Foram avaliados 40 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 15 e 63 anos, peso de 50 a 88 kg, estado físico ASA I ou II, escalados para procedimento cirúrgico eletivo. Todos foram submetidos ao mesmo tipo de anestesia, sendo introduzidos com a administraçäo venosa de midzolam (2,5 a 3,0 mg), fentanil (3,0 a 3,5 µg.kg elevado a menos um), etomidato (0,2 a 0,3 mg.kg elevado a menos um) e relaxamento muscular de pancurônio (0,08 a 0,1 mg.kg elevado a menos um). A manutençäo da anestesia foi feita com isoflurano e oxigênio. Na IOT os balonetes dos tubos foram lubrificados com a aplicaçäo de 2ml de lidocaína viscosa 2 por cento para o grupo I e 2ml de pomada oftálmica para garganta quando a tosse, secura, rouquidäo e dor no período de 6 e 24 horas após a intubaçäo orotraqueal. Resultados - Ocorreu comprometimento da garganta em todos o pacientes estudados. Houve melhora da secura entre os tempos avaliados. Näo foi possível identificar diferença significante entre os grupos quanto aos ítens avaliados de secura, tosse, rouquidäo e dor. Conclusöes - Ao que parece, a única justificativa plausível para a utilizaçäo de lubrificantes para a IOT é a facilitaçäo mecânica, näo havendo vantagem quanto ao comprometimento da garganta na amostra estudada